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Item List

Frage Thema Item Text Antwort Format Konstrukt Eingesetzte Kogn Techniken Ergebnis
g. Have you seen any party commercials on television? [Haben Sie Werbesendungen von Parteien im Fernsehen gesehen?] Nein -
h. Have you been approached directly by a person, for example, on the street or at your apartment or front door? [Wurden Sie direkt von einer Person angesprochen, z. B. auf der Straße oder an Ihrer Wohnungs- bzw. Haustür?] Nein

"Have you been approached directly by a person, for example, on the street or at your apartment door or front door?" - Which people do respondents think of?

When the persons were asked to explain which people they had thought of in item h), all mentioned politicians, political candidates, or campaign workers: 

  • "I almost thought of politicians now, but it could just as easily have been campaign workers directly promoting themselves or their party." (TP 06)
  • "To candidates doing rallies or coming to doorsteps." (TP 07)
  • "I do think that if someone is running for office here in town, if they were to meet me on the street, that they might approach me and ask if I would vote for them, what my wishes [are] and what I expect from the election. [...] Or someone from the party, an election worker." (TP 08)
i. Were you contacted by parties through an online social network, such as Facebook? [Wurden Sie über ein soziales Netzwerk im Internet, wie z. B. Facebook, von Parteien kontaktiert?] Nein

"Have you been contacted by parties via an online social network, such as Facebook?" - Does "being contacted" also cover seeing posts from parties that have been shared by other users or have appeared as advertisements?

For item i), persons were asked what they understood by "being contacted via a social network." In addition to the social medium Facebook, which served as an example for item i), five test persons named other ways of being contacted. Among them were two persons each who addressed Instagram or Twitter. Subject 01 also referenced email contacts in her response.

"Being contacted" for all ten test persons meant a private message addressed directly to them: 

  • "That's when I first thought of being contacted by email from the parties or being contacted directly on Facebook." (TP 01)
  • "Being contacted via Facebook or Instagram, so, sort of [getting] a message sent to me." (TP 02)
  • "If someone would write to me directly, the SPD or the CDU, whether I would like to vote for a candidate or why not." (TP 08)

Overall, most of the test persons thought of direct contacts and not of other ways of contacting them when answering item i). Depending on the intent of the question developers, item i) might need to be reworded to capture shared posts or advertisements.
j. Have you visited a party or candidate's website? Haben Sie die Website einer Partei oder einer Kandidatin bzw. eines Kandidaten besucht?] Nein -
k. Have you heard any election ads on the radio? [Haben Sie Wahlwerbung im Radio gehört?] Nein -
l. Have you donated money to a political candidate or party? [Haben Sie Geld für eine politische Kandidatin oder einen politischen Kandidaten oder eine Partei gespendet? ] Nein -
a. Troublemakers should be shown clearly that they are unwanted in society. [Unruhestifter sollten deutlich zu spüren bekommen, dass sie in der Gesellschaft unerwünscht sind.] Nein

How do respondents interpret the term "troublemaker"?

Half of the respondents agreed "rather" (n = 3) or "completely" (n = 2 ) with the statement, two respondents placed themselves in the middle answer category, and three respondents "rather disagreed" (n = 2) or "completely disagreed" (n = 1) with the statement, so there is a slight tendency toward agreement.

The majority (n = 6 ) of the test persons understood the term "troublemakers" to mean criminals, delinquents, troublemakers, activists and demonstrators ready to use violence:

  • "Criminals, thugs. That's what I thought of. Or people who incite others." (TP 07)
  • "The people who incite, panic. Or just with the lateral thinking movement. To me, those are troublemakers. Or with the Corona opponents." (TP 08)
  • "Troublemakers to me are lawbreakers. To me, those are the people who chained themselves to any highways with bright enthusiasm today or yesterday." (TP 09)
  • "People with revolutionary drives who take to the streets." (TP 10)

Another part of the test persons (TP 03, 04, 06, 09) found the term "troublemakers" unclear/imprecise and had stumbled over it while answering the question themselves:

  • "Well, the term troublemaker is difficult to grasp, also the terminology that someone is undesirable is difficult to grasp. It's understood directly that maybe someone should be deported. [...] I don't know if the question really describes what it wants." (TP 03)
  • "Exactly, that's what I stumbled upon. Troublemakers - that can be all kinds of things. It can be any kind of criminal offenders or those who only cause trouble. They can be minor offenses. [...]" (TP 06)

For the most part, the term "troublemakers" was understood to mean people who were outside the democratic rules, but people who were within the democratic rules were also mentioned. The understanding of the term had no systematic influence on the answer to the question.
b. A strong leader is good for Germany, even if he doesn't always play by the rules to move things forward. [Ein starker Führer ist gut für Deutschland, auch wenn er sich nicht immer an die Regeln hält, um die Dinge voranzubringen.] Nein

How do respondents perceive the term "strong leader"?

The majority of persons “completely disagreed” with the statement (n= 7 ) or "rather disagreed" (n = 1 ), with one subject each locating themselves in the middle answer category or “rather agreeing” with the statement.

When asked what they understood by a "strong leader," eight respondents mentioned the reference to the Nazi era and Hitler: 

  • "Now I would have thought of Adolf Hitler." (TP 02)
  • "When you hear the term 'Führer,' I think you can't help but think of the Third Reich." (TP 04)
  • "'Strong leader' is a bit of a problem in Germany. With that, you immediately slide into the right-wing corner. But that can just as well be a strong left-wing leader." (TP 09)

Furthermore, the test persons understood a "strong leader" to mean a leader or an (undemocratic) leader, especially in politics, but also in general:

  • "Someone who is particularly good at leading [and] guiding a group of people or institution and all sorts of other things." (TP 03)
  • "You can also understand it as a leader. [...] When it says 'leader' and then 'even if he doesn't always follow the rules to move things forward,' I think directly of a leader, like [a] chancellor who doesn't follow the basic laws [...] [or] constitution." (TP 04)
  • "It is directly explained what is meant by a strong leader, in the context. Meaning, that rules can also be broken. Therefore, it is an undemocratic leader." (TP 05)

Four persons also expressed a desire for a different wording:

  • "Maybe you could change that with the 'leader'. Something with a 'strong leading force' perhaps, because when you see 'Führer for Germany' now, you just think directly of Hitler." (TP 01)
  • "I don't like that expression so much. A strong leader is already good for Germany, if [...] [he] really takes things into his own hands, whether that's climate change or that [...] the middle and lower classes are better off [...]. If he doesn't always play by the rules, that's okay too, if he can really move things forward. [...] But in that case it's too general for me, because it can also go the other way." (TP 08)
c. The values of people like me are becoming less and less important in society. [Die Wertvorstellungen von Leuten wie mir werden in der Gesellschaft immer unwichtiger.] Nein

What do respondents mean by "people like me"?

All respondents selected, relatively evenly, one of the three middle response categories. One third “rather agreed” with the statement (n = 3), the second third chose the answer category "neither agree nor disagree " (n= 3) and the last third “rather disagreed” with the statement (n= 4).

Under "people like me" the majority of the test persons understood the average Joe, who comes from the middle class, with average income: 

  • "Someone who comes from the social middle [...]. Funnily enough, you relatively quickly relate that to the salary range you're in, I think. Whereby, depending on the life situation, I would perhaps also refer to other things. [...] Now currently, I would have put that, the group I come from, under that." (TP 03)
  • "Normal citizens, quite simply average citizens, normal earners." (TP 07)
  • "People like me. I'm going to assume that I'm middle class, a normal citizen, a blameless citi-zen. People who are as blameless as I am. Going about their business, earning their wages and making the best of it." (TP 08)

In addition, some of the persons summarized the same world political attitudes as well as their age group among them:

  • "[People] who have roughly my values. Also in a broader sense. People, from 20 to 40, who are politically left-wing and concerned about the climate." (TP 04)
  • "'People like me' then tend to be people like me who are more liberal-minded and care about solidarity." (TP 05)

Two persons expressed their ambiguity about what was meant by values and the statement itself:

  • "I'm not sure if everyone can relate to the term value concepts that much if that's not listed. I could imagine that there are many different ideas about what values mean in today's society. And that also concerns the term 'equal values', even if it is difficult to put it under a different term."(TP 03)
  • "I find it a funny question. Because I have the feeling that value concepts are becoming more and more important in the individual-political society and opinions are, after all, more and more polarized. I would ask myself, for what. I can't really answer the question. I don't know what is meant by unimportant. Because I would already say that the values I have are more and more important for society and other opinions are also important, but whether they then make a difference in society or how the other people in society see it, I don't know." (TP 04)
d. Ordinary citizens share the same values and interests. [Gewöhnliche Bürger teilen dieselben Werte und Interessen.] Nein

What do respondents mean by "ordinary citizens"?

Four respondents "rather disagreed" (n = 3 ) or "completely disagreed" (n = 1) with the statement, four others "neither disagreed nor agreed", one respondent selected "rather agree" and another said she could not specify: "'The normal citizens' - [...] that's just stupid. I can't answer that because I don't know what is meant by 'normal' in that case." (TP 05)

Three other test persons (TP 01, 06, 09) also stated that they had had problems with the question or wording: 

  • "Can't do anything with it. I don't know what a 'normal citizen' is. I don't know, probably kind of the typical working class, not necessarily educated citizen. I can't do that much with the [question]. They can't [have] the same value[s] for me because they are individual people, they can't be the same at all." (TP 01)
  • "There are adjectives missing. The same political values maybe, or the same sporting values. [...] They have the same basic consensus when it comes to social values, but how they live them out is a world of difference. It's about democracy or freedom, for example. Freedom is important to me; I live it out differently than someone else. One person says freedom is being able to cheat, the other says freedom for me is being able to express my political opinion. [...] I think the fourth question is nonsense. Nothing can come out of that." (TP 09)

Under "normal citizen" the test persons understood again above all the normal consumer, the aver-age citizen from the working class group:

  • "The average, so to speak, normal citizen, the law-abiding, the worker, the normal society." (TP 06)
  • "Normal citizens, who just don't stand out with any agitation or nasty stuff, who go about their work normally and don't exactly stand out." (TP 08)

Other test persons generally included all German citizens and democratically minded people:

  • "For me, normal citizens are all people with [a] citizenship in Germany, that is, [with] German citizenship." (TP 03)
  • "Citizens, oh wonder, who stand on the free, democratic basic order, that is, on the constitutional state." (TP 10)